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The Anabaptist Commune of M. The Peasant armies were defeated and dissolved, the princes of Germany had taken terrible revenge on their rebellious subjects and those spiritual and political leaders of the revolt that had escaped their henchmen had fled the country or had gone into hiding. The fragmentation of Germany into a large number of medium and small feudal territories, that had hindered a coordinated organisation and communication between the splintered groups of armed peasants, had been one of the reasons for the easy defeat of the rebellion, but the division of Germany had revealed an even more perplexing phenomenon: a distinct North- South divide in the extent of the rebellions. Whilst the revolt had raged in the Southern and the Central regions of Germany, and its consequences had devastated whole areas for decades to come, the North and North- West however had remained virtually untouched by large scale rebellions. One can only speculate about the reasons: the peasants in the North might have been slightly better of than their Southern counterparts, or the relative thin settlement in the agricultural regions of the North had prevented larger and organised rebellions of its population. ![]() The summer of 1534 witnessed a number of the usual skirmishes between a besieged town and its besiegers. The Anabaptists attempted a few sallies, destroying a number.If the reformation and the subsequent rebellions hadn't reached the peasants to the same extent than in the South, it had however entered the cities and towns of the North. The Northern cities of Germany in the beginning of the 1. Hanseatic League, the powerful merchant league that had dominated the trade in the Baltic Sea and most of Northern Europe from the late 1. Coastal cities and important ports, like L. Afghanistan: Land of the Afghans The Anabaptists “Beloved, when I gave all diligence to write unto you. Dortmund, Breckerfeld, Soest were influential trading centres in the Westphalian region, but possibly the most important was M. At the beginning of the 1. Hanseatic League was already in decline, constant conflicts with the emerging Kingdoms of Denmark and Sweden had ended its trading monopoly in the Baltic, and the increasing economic difficulties of the leading Hanseatic cities had resulted in the equally increasing dissatisfaction of their population with the municipal authorities. In addition, the phenomenon of migration of impoverished peasants into the urban centres had increased the social pressures on the cities. The revolt in L. The Reformation had finally reached the Westphalian city of M. At the beginning of the 1. M. Recent economic developments, not dissimilar to those all over the urban metropoles of the HRE, had intensified the tensions between various factions in the city, the influence of the patricians, minor aristocrats and rich merchants, who had controlled M. The craftsmen were additionally organised in powerful guilds that controlled membership, regulated the out- put and adjusted the pricing of produced goods. The changing power constellations in M. The conflicts between the social classes of M. Rothmann who had come to M. He had been prevented from preaching in the churches of the city and repeatedly the ecclesiastical had attempted to expel him from the town altogether. But he had also had strong support amongst the ordinary citizens who had protected him from any attempts to ban him from M. By 1. 53. 2, Rothmann had become the spiritual and political leader of the rebellious faction of M. Early Christian groups had also rejected infant baptism, and some of the offshoots of the Hussite rebellion in Bohemia in the mid 1. Anabaptists a hundred years later. The Anabaptist movement appeared in the immediate aftermath of Luther's Reformation, not so much as an organised and unified Protestant tendency, but as the result of independent and spontaneous radical interpretations of the Protestant beliefs by a whole series of preachers, operating independently in most regions of the HRE. The term “Anabaptism” in itself is mis- leading, far from demanding a second baptism, most Anabaptists did not recognise infant baptism at all and thus acknowledged adult baptism as the only valid rite to receive the believer in the community of the Church. Furthermore, the term “Anabaptists” as a generic term for all the various sects that appeared in the 1. Apart from the notion of adult baptism, the diverse “Anabaptist” sects had few common, but rather vaguely connected, ideological tenets. The return to the ascetic values of early Christianity, the believe in the immediate coming of “God's Kingdom on Earth” (“Millenarianism”) were some common traits, but the various groups differed greatly in details how to achieve the expected millenarian age, or which exact form it should and would take. That millenarian Anabaptism can be identified as the spiritual and political ideology of the social rebellions of the 1. In absence of any other ideology of liberation, the radical faith offered the most accessible and convenient justification for the demands and actions of the rebellious population. The defeat of the Peasants' Rebellion of 1. Anabaptist apostles underground, thus resulting in a further fragmentation of the movement. All over the HRE, Anabaptists priests preached secretly in clandestine meetings to the believers, often hunted from city to city by the authorities. The Empire had identified the Anabaptists as the most dangerous sect, and thus pursued its adherents with utmost zeal. The Imperial Diet of Speyer in 1. Anabaptist teaching under severest punishment: . That The Netherlands, then still under Habsburg's rule, witnessed such a large number of Anabaptist martyrs, had two reasons, firstly it was the domain of the reigning Emperor Charles V who was trying to set an example for the rest of his Empire, but also because here the Anabaptists had been especially successful. It had been largely the merit of one man. Melchior Hoffmann, born in Franconia, who, having converted to Protestantism and later to Anabaptism, had embarked in the mid 1. Europe wide odyssey in order to preach the new faith. Being hunted from town to town, he had arrived in 1. Holland where he found a captive audience, and thus achieved a large number of conversions to the Anabaptist faith. The followers of his special branch of Anabaptism have become known as “Melchiorites”, a group that rejected the pacifism of other Anabaptist groups and advocated the violent over- throw of the existing society in anticipation of the imminent coming of God's Kingdom. The Dutch Melchiorites were subjected to brutal persecutions by the Imperial authorities, many of their followers were burned at the stake, and thus in the beginning of 1. Jan Mathhijs the leader of the Anabaptist movement in Holland ( during Hoffmann's absence), a former baker from Haarlem near Amsterdam, decided to send one of his most prominent disciples, Jan Beukelszoon van Leiden to the only place that seemed to offer a safe haven for the persecuted believers: M. In February 1. 53. Jan Matthijs, accompanied by a large number of Dutch Anabaptist followed him. By the time, the two leaders of the Dutch Melchiorites, Jan Mathhijs and Jan (Beukelszoon) van Leiden arrived in M. The year 1. 53. 3 had seen a constant struggle for control between the two factions in the city, the party of the conservative Patricians, amongst them not a small number of Lutherans, and the Anabaptist party under the leadership of Rothmann, and the foremost exponent of the plebeian classes, Bernhard Knipperdolling, himself the son of a wealthy merchant who nevertheless had become a follower of the now openly Anabaptist Rothmann. At the end of 1. 53. Archbishop of M. It had made ineffectual several attempts to ban Anabaptists preaching in the city, to silence their leaders by exiling or arresting them, steady , but now slowly and surely the balance of power was shifting. Another prominent Anabaptists leader, Johann Schr. The council looked on powerless. The city seemed lost. In such dilemma, the moderate city council turned to the only power that could offer some practical, namely military support: The Archbishop of M. It was to become a strange alliance, not only had the proud citizens of the proud Hanseatic city had been in a state of perpetual strife with the Archbishops over the rule of the city, but now the Protestant council sought the help of a Catholic power. It was not to be the last coalition that transcended religious boundaries in the wars over the reorganization of the HRE that followed the Reformation. Archbishop of M. He had been elected Archbishop in May 1. Bishop Eric, who although having invested the proud sum of 4. Gulden in the purchase of the Bishopric, had only enjoyed his title for a year. That Bishoprics were sold to the highest bidder was no uncommon event in the Church, on the contrary. If Franz von Waldeck had to spend a fortune for the title, is not known, but he certainly wasn’t elected for his spiritual merits or strict adherence to the Catholic faith. It was an open secret that Franz had been living for decades in an illegitimate marriage which had produced eight children. His choice had been a political one: as the son of the Count of Waldeck, he had the domains of his family at his disposal, and thus military potentials, not be scorned. Franz von Waldeck's first attack on the practice of the Lutheran faith in his see in M. In June 1. 53. 2 he had demanded that the city would return to the Catholic rite, but the thread of violence had for once united both the radical and moderate Protestant factions, and in January 1. Archbishop had been forced to grant religious freedom in M. A year later, however, the situation had changed dramatically, not the moderate Lutheran dominated town and Churches anymore, but the radical Anabaptists. It was not only the result of the persuasiveness of the Anabaptists preachers, that might have convinced the citizens of M. The Dutch Melchiorites began to identify the city as the place that was most likely to promise the advent of the new Millennium, and as the vanguard of their soon following leaders, had flocked in their hundreds to M. In early February 1. Concentration Camps List. Tarrooghyssagh . The letter states that this rule will be strictly enforced in all government Indian schools. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs urges, & very forcibly too, that instruction in their vernacular is not only of no use to them but is detrimental to their speedy education & civilization. French missions in the Great Lakes area, & some villages of Indian converts to Christianity in New England. Eastern Missions. Jesuits: 1. 56. 6- 1. Franciscans operated missions in Florida & Georgia for almost 2. By 1. 65. 5, 3. 8 missions in the area. After the founding of Charleston, S. C., in 1. 67. 0, English settlers enslaved & killed the Indians. By 1. 70. 8, only a few missions were left, & in 1. Spain surrendered Florida to England. Nombre de Dios: Name of the God . Augustine, Florida: Oldest U. S. Missions in 5. Pueblo towns. In early 1. Indians. 1. 68. 0’s: Adobe & stone missions in San Antonio area known as the Alamo chain. He founded 2. 4 missions. Franciscans came in 1. San Esteban Rey de Acoma . Now San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. Lake Sonoma Valley excavations identified as Amacha. Elder Kashia- Pomo remember their grandfathers hid out from oncoming immigrants in the mid- 1. Amacha. Soldiers took all the people to government lands & burned the village. Franciscan Father Jun. Rumsen Ohlone named Carmele. Kuruvungna Springs, University High School West Los Angeles, burial grounds disturbed by developers & bones broken by archeologists. Puvungna Burial Ground, birthplace of prophet Chingishnish & place of creation, at CSU Long Beach. Developers have repeatedly attempted to build a strip mall since 1. Blocked by courts after petition by the Tongva for relief (6. Chumash- Kagismuwas: Coastal Peoples enslaved & killed by Spanish missionaries. Spaniard Gabriel Moraga with 1. Suisuns: People of the South Wind . San Francisco Presidio Commandant Jos. Spaniards gain ground in present- day Fairfield & Suisun, reaching Chief Malica’s village which burst into flames. Earthquake destroyed most of mission in 1. Santa Clara: 8. 0% die in the missions over next 4. Soil used as road & tennis court fill, yard fertilizer & chicken feed. Graverobbers called pothunters. Parks District dealing with a self- published guidebook containing driving & hiking instructions to 4. Ohlone, Bay Miwok, & Northern Valley Yokut sites in violation of the 1. National Historic Preservation Act. New Agers construct shelters, fires on village sites. Chalen Ohlone named Soledad by Spaniards. Franciscan Spaniards enslave Miwok. Miwok hunted for sport by the rich. Uzumaiti: Valley of the Gaping Mouth: Yosemite Valley Miwok who gave their name to the world’s most famous natural playground, only to be run out by settlers in 1. The park bulldozes the last village (1. Tataviam named Ferna. San Diego County in First Military District . Father Ferm. San Jacinto: 2. Guide containing locations of Native American sites in area auctioned to highest bidder. Foot traffic, vandalism, graverobbing, amp; looting follow, according to Bennae Calac, cultural resources director for the Soboba Band of Luise. Marin County named after Licatiut Miwok Chief Marin. Mass grave underneath mission. Indian people at Nicasio, San Rafael. The population was persuaded to leave in the 1. Marin County curtailed funds to all Indians (except those at Marshall) who were not living at the Poor Farm, a place for indigent peoples. Smallpox: Chief Solano one of the few natives to receive a vaccination & worked at Rancho Petaluma Adobe. Sacramento Valley people (El Dorado, Placer, Sacramento- Yolo Counties) die of smallpox. Maidu: Person village of Koloma raided by James Marshall, agent to Sutter who discovers gold. Wintu forced as laborers in gold mining operations. Auburn & Napa Valley newspaper editors & politicians call for immediate extermination of Northern California Indians. Legislature reimbursed the Eel River Rangers & other volunteer militias to do the job (Sac Bee: Gold). California’s legal apprentice system allowed settlers to keep homeless or jobless Indians indentured until they were 3. A good- looking Indian girl cost $1. Marysville Appeal. Federal Indian agents negotiate 1. California tribal leaders. Congress never ratifies the treaties. California Assembly Report: Indians removed. There is no place within the territory of the United States in which to locate them .. Warner. 18. 71: United States Congress concludes tribes no longer separate, independent governments. This action freed the United States from the need to make treaties. Boarding Schools: 1. Indian names. English- only rule: Beaten, latrine duty. Reddick. 19. 24: Indian Citizenship Act: Citizenship to every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States / US Border Patrol. Blood Quantum. 19. Repatriation Program: 5. U. S. In California they were placed in detention camps & mistreated by government officials. The commissioner of Indian affairs who inaugurated this policy, Dillon Meyer, was principally known as the man responsible for administering Japanese- American concentration camps during World War II. Public swimming pools, rest rooms, drinking fountains, & theaters were often segregated. Mexican American schoolchildren were often forbidden to speak Spanish in schools & were sometimes punished severely for doing so.’1. Native American Graves Protection & Repatriation Act: . Kolata, Ph. D., Prof. Fixico, Ph. D., Prof. Nearly half the nation’s 5. Indian tribes represented in the Bay Area alone. Hispanic Americans are Americans of Spanish- speaking descent. Many are the descendants of Mexican people who lived in the Southwest when it became part of the United States. Almost all others or their ancestors migrated to the United States from Latin America. The 3 largest Hispanic groups in the United States are Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, & Cuban Americans. As a group, Hispanic Americans represent a mixture of several ethnic backgrounds, including European, American Indian, & African. Residents of Puerto Rico are U. S. Census Bureau does not count the island’s native residents as part of the U. S. Garcia, Ph. D., Vice Provost for Academic Planning, Baylor University, World Book Encyclopedia . Largest government railroad land grant: vast extinguishment of Indian land titles. Engineering parties protected by George Armstrong Custer. Complete line 1. 88. W. Of course, buildings like the poor farm & its cemetery remain unknown to the historians & the history experts. So it is time that a case is made for this cemetery & the spirits that reside there. No better place to start then this Butte Evening New’s Christmas story nearly a century ago. April 1. 94. 4 im niederl. American slaveowners forced their newly- freed slaves to sign life indenture contracts. Herman Hollerith (b 1. Hollerith starts as a 1. US Census Bureau as part of his education at Columbia University. Part of International Business Machines. The Hollerith name still used in Germany. The machine uses punch cards and is first used to calculate the dead for the local health departments in Maryland, New York & New Jersey. It is then expanded to cover freight accounting for the New York Central Railroad, actuarial records for Prudential Insurance, & the US Census of 1. Between 1. 89. 0 & 1. Hollerith leases the machine at $7. Russian . In 1. 91. Hollerith sells to international commodities: arms & weapons producer Charles Flint, The Merchant of Death & Father of Trusts. Flint sells weapons to Chile, Per. Merit Cross with German Eagle Star from Adolf Hitler at the League of Nations International Chamber of Commerce Meeting in Hamburg. United States Census, Draft, Pacific, Tunisia, Sicily: IBM MRU: Machine Record Units. Endicott, New York trains 1,3. Allied soldiers. After Pearl Harbor, the United States Census Bureau uses punch- card information to identify people of Japanese Heritage. Executive Order 9. Japanese- Americans on the W. Evacuations begin in Los Angeles. The overall dimensions of punched cards used for data processing have remained the same since Herman Hollerith invented the medium: 7 3/8 inches wide by 3 1/4 inches high by . Prior to 1. 92. 9, this was a standard size for many US banknotes. Today, these dimensions are set by the EIA standard RS- 2. This standard is augmented by ANSI X3. ANSI X3. 2. 6- 1. Hollerith code to encode alphanumeric data on cards. When an urban Indian dies, the death certificate rarely lists his or her race correctly, Indian Health Service studies show. California’s urban Indians are unknown, uncountable, an enigma, said Indian Health Service statistician Lorraine Mc. Call. We rarely know who they are, where they are or the status of their health.’ (1. Sacramento Bee). Even the CDIB cards (Certification of Degree of Indian Blood) bear an eerie resemblance to the pass- books used to control non- whites in South Africa. I should stretch & give you a little more medical perspective on the mental illness. A lot of these kids come from bad gene pools. They don’t have stable parents making good decisions, or else most of them would not be in foster care – Dr. Joseph Burkett: Texas Society of Psychiatric Physicians: Houston Chronicle . While in jail, Alice Paul went on a hunger strike, similar to those in which she engaged while a member of the WSPU: Womens’ Social & Political Action Union of Great Britain, in an attempt to win concessions from the government. Brace’s Children’s Aide Society. Thie treoghana: Place that abandons the Divine Young: Orphanage. Orphan Trains for indentured servitude. Children lined up at predetermined stops to be looked over. In 1. 92. 7, 1. 2 states: Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Virginia, West Virginia, Nebraska & Kansas allowed indenture of children turned over to poor farms or county authorities. When official transporting of children ended in 1.
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